What is the Forrester classification system?

What is the Forrester classification system?

Using the Diamond–Forrester classification, patients were classified as follows: Profile I (warm/dry) 47.4%, Profile II (warm/wet) 36.2%, Profile III (cold/dry) 7.9%, and Profile IV (cold/wet) 8.5% (Table 2).

What class is end stage heart failure?

Patients with end stage heart failure fall into stage D of the ABCD classification of the American College of Cardiology (ACC)/American Heart Association (AHA), and class III–IV of the New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional classification; they are characterised by advanced structural heart disease and pronounced …

How do you classify acute heart failure?

AHF is classified into two groups according to the presence/absence of previous HF:

1. Worsening (decompensated) HF – Preexisting and stable HF that worsens suddenly or progressively is described as decompensated AHF.
2. New (de novo) HF – There is no known previous HF.

What causes ADHF?

Acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF) refers to rapid onset of fluid volume overload. The most common causes are medication and dietary noncompliance; however, acute coronary syndrome, arrhythmias, uncontrolled hypertension, and infections such as endocarditis may also cause acute decompensated heart failure.

What is the difference between atypical and typical chest pain?

Atypical pain is frequently defined as epigastric or back pain or pain that is described as burning, stabbing, or characteristic of indigestion. Typical symptoms usually include chest, arm, or jaw pain described as dull, heavy, tight, or crushing.

How do you classify chest pain?

Chest pain is classified into three subgroups including cardiac, possible cardiac, and noncardiac. Non-cardiac chest pain is used when the etiology of chest pain is not related to the heart.

Is heart failure Death painful?

Pain. Some people with heart failure can experience pain or discomfort towards the end of their life. They should be assessed using a pain scale.

How many classes of heart failure are there?

Heart failure is a chronic condition that gets worse with time. There are four heart failure stages (Stage A, B, C and D). The stages range from “high risk of developing heart failure” to “advanced heart failure.”

What is the most important drug therapy to treat ADHF?

Vasodilation. After diuretics, intravenous vasodilators are probably the most useful medications for the management of ADHF.

How is ADHF treated?

Pharmacological therapies that have been used to treat ADHF patients include intravenous (IV) diuretics, IV nitroglycerin, nitroprusside, nesiritide, vasodilating inotropes (dobutamine, milrinone), and, occasionally, vasopressor-type inotropes (dopamine and norepinephrine).